License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license

Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.

By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.

Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier.  The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.

This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.

How this work was done:

Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
 - file had no licensing information it it.
 - file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
 - file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,

Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.

The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne.  Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.

The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed.  Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
 - Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
 - Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
   lines of source
 - File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
   lines).

All documentation files were explicitly excluded.

The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.

 - when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
   considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
   COPYING file license applied.

   For non */uapi/* files that summary was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0                                              11139

   and resulted in the first patch in this series.

   If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
   Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0".  Results of that was:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|-------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        930

   and resulted in the second patch in this series.

 - if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
   of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
   any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
   it (per prior point).  Results summary:

   SPDX license identifier                            # files
   ---------------------------------------------------|------
   GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note                       270
   GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      169
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause)    21
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    17
   LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                      15
   GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       14
   ((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause)    5
   LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note                       4
   LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note                        3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT)              3
   ((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT)             1

   and that resulted in the third patch in this series.

 - when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
   the concluded license(s).

 - when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
   license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
   licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.

 - In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
   resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
   which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).

 - When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
   confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

 - If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
   the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
   in time.

In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.

Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights.  The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.

Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.

In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.

Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
 - a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
   license ids and scores
 - reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
   files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
 - reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
   was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
   SPDX license was correct

This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction.  This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.

These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg.  Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected.  This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.)  Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.

Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>

94 files changed, 94 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/scripts/Lindent b/scripts/Lindent
index 57b564c24d61..1688c44c2df6 100755
--- a/scripts/Lindent
+++ b/scripts/Lindent
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 PARAM="-npro -kr -i8 -ts8 -sob -l80 -ss -ncs -cp1"
 
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile b/scripts/Makefile
index c06f4997d700..25ab143cbe14 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 ###
 # scripts contains sources for various helper programs used throughout
 # the kernel for the build process.
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.asm-generic b/scripts/Makefile.asm-generic
index a6c8c1780855..524eeedc8d25 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.asm-generic
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.asm-generic
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # include/asm-generic contains a lot of files that are used
 # verbatim by several architectures.
 #
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.build b/scripts/Makefile.build
index 061d0c3a420a..26ad24aa231c 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.build
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.build
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Building
 # ==========================================================================
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.clean b/scripts/Makefile.clean
index 50616ea25131..808d09f27ad4 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.clean
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.clean
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Cleaning up
 # ==========================================================================
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.dtbinst b/scripts/Makefile.dtbinst
index 993fb85982df..c8ba6e7f9868 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.dtbinst
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.dtbinst
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Installing dtb files
 #
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.extrawarn b/scripts/Makefile.extrawarn
index ae8a1357d01d..c6ebf4239e64 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.extrawarn
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.extrawarn
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 #
 # make W=... settings
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.gcc-plugins b/scripts/Makefile.gcc-plugins
index d1f7b0d6be66..b2a95af7df18 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.gcc-plugins
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.gcc-plugins
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 ifdef CONFIG_GCC_PLUGINS
   __PLUGINCC := $(call cc-ifversion, -ge, 0408, $(HOSTCXX), $(HOSTCC))
   PLUGINCC := $(shell $(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/gcc-plugin.sh "$(__PLUGINCC)" "$(HOSTCXX)" "$(CC)")
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.headersinst b/scripts/Makefile.headersinst
index 343d586e566e..99967948d764 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.headersinst
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.headersinst
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Installing headers
 #
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.host b/scripts/Makefile.host
index 9cfd5c84d76f..10e5c3cb89dc 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.host
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.host
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Building binaries on the host system
 # Binaries are used during the compilation of the kernel, for example
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.kasan b/scripts/Makefile.kasan
index 9576775a86f6..1ce7115aa499 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.kasan
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.kasan
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
 ifdef CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE
 	call_threshold := 10000
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.lib b/scripts/Makefile.lib
index 5e975fee0f5b..04b5633df1cf 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.lib
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.lib
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Backward compatibility
 asflags-y  += $(EXTRA_AFLAGS)
 ccflags-y  += $(EXTRA_CFLAGS)
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modbuiltin b/scripts/Makefile.modbuiltin
index 1adb974e6950..a763b4775d06 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.modbuiltin
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.modbuiltin
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Generating modules.builtin
 # ==========================================================================
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modinst b/scripts/Makefile.modinst
index 07650eeaaf06..51ca0244fc8a 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.modinst
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.modinst
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Installing modules
 # ==========================================================================
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modpost b/scripts/Makefile.modpost
index 16923ba4b5b1..b8278b51cd9a 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.modpost
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.modpost
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ===========================================================================
 # Module versions
 # ===========================================================================
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.modsign b/scripts/Makefile.modsign
index b6ac7084da79..171483bc0538 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.modsign
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.modsign
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ==========================================================================
 # Signing modules
 # ==========================================================================
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.ubsan b/scripts/Makefile.ubsan
index 3b1b13818d59..8fd4d44fbcd1 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.ubsan
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.ubsan
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 ifdef CONFIG_UBSAN
       CFLAGS_UBSAN += $(call cc-option, -fsanitize=shift)
       CFLAGS_UBSAN += $(call cc-option, -fsanitize=integer-divide-by-zero)
diff --git a/scripts/check_00index.sh b/scripts/check_00index.sh
index 6ac9527aeddb..aa47f5926c80 100755
--- a/scripts/check_00index.sh
+++ b/scripts/check_00index.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 cd Documentation/
 
diff --git a/scripts/check_extable.sh b/scripts/check_extable.sh
index 0fb6b1c97c27..93af93c7b346 100755
--- a/scripts/check_extable.sh
+++ b/scripts/check_extable.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #! /bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # (c) 2015, Quentin Casasnovas <quentin.casasnovas@oracle.com>
 
 obj=$1
diff --git a/scripts/checkincludes.pl b/scripts/checkincludes.pl
index ce9edefd6e0b..b514a956d550 100755
--- a/scripts/checkincludes.pl
+++ b/scripts/checkincludes.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # checkincludes: find/remove files included more than once
 #
diff --git a/scripts/checkstack.pl b/scripts/checkstack.pl
index 7f4c41717e26..cb993801e4b2 100755
--- a/scripts/checkstack.pl
+++ b/scripts/checkstack.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 #	Check the stack usage of functions
 #
diff --git a/scripts/checksyscalls.sh b/scripts/checksyscalls.sh
index 5a387a264201..ee3dfb5be6cd 100755
--- a/scripts/checksyscalls.sh
+++ b/scripts/checksyscalls.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Check if current architecture are missing any function calls compared
 # to i386.
diff --git a/scripts/checkversion.pl b/scripts/checkversion.pl
index 8b4f205234b5..f67b125c5269 100755
--- a/scripts/checkversion.pl
+++ b/scripts/checkversion.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #! /usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # checkversion find uses of LINUX_VERSION_CODE or KERNEL_VERSION
 # without including <linux/version.h>, or cases of
diff --git a/scripts/cleanfile b/scripts/cleanfile
index 72e3755327ae..c00c69b9171a 100755
--- a/scripts/cleanfile
+++ b/scripts/cleanfile
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Clean a text file -- or directory of text files -- of stealth whitespace.
 # WARNING: this can be a highly destructive operation.  Use with caution.
diff --git a/scripts/cleanpatch b/scripts/cleanpatch
index 3e5a2303dc0e..9f1755271516 100755
--- a/scripts/cleanpatch
+++ b/scripts/cleanpatch
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Clean a patch file -- or directory of patch files -- of stealth whitespace.
 # WARNING: this can be a highly destructive operation.  Use with caution.
diff --git a/scripts/coccicheck b/scripts/coccicheck
index ec487b8e7051..28ad1feff9e1 100755
--- a/scripts/coccicheck
+++ b/scripts/coccicheck
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Linux kernel coccicheck
 #
 # Read Documentation/dev-tools/coccinelle.rst
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/api/d_find_alias.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/api/d_find_alias.cocci
index 9594c9f7eb8d..47e050166f20 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/api/d_find_alias.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/api/d_find_alias.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /// Make sure calls to d_find_alias() have a corresponding call to dput().
 //
 // Keywords: d_find_alias, dput
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/api/debugfs/debugfs_simple_attr.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/api/debugfs/debugfs_simple_attr.cocci
index 85cf5408d378..7c312310547c 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/api/debugfs/debugfs_simple_attr.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/api/debugfs/debugfs_simple_attr.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /// Use DEFINE_DEBUGFS_ATTRIBUTE rather than DEFINE_SIMPLE_ATTRIBUTE
 /// for debugfs files.
 ///
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/api/drm-get-put.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/api/drm-get-put.cocci
index 0c7a9265c07e..bf1313274f0b 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/api/drm-get-put.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/api/drm-get-put.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 ///
 /// Use drm_*_get() and drm_*_put() helpers instead of drm_*_reference() and
 /// drm_*_unreference() helpers.
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/api/simple_open.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/api/simple_open.cocci
index bd1a2a4ee106..c121876d54ec 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/api/simple_open.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/api/simple_open.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /// Remove an open coded simple_open() function
 /// and replace file operations references to the function
 /// with simple_open() instead.
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/api/vma_pages.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/api/vma_pages.cocci
index 3e52e11ea1dc..10511b9bf35e 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/api/vma_pages.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/api/vma_pages.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 ///
 /// Use vma_pages function on vma object instead of explicit computation.
 ///
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/misc/boolreturn.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/misc/boolreturn.cocci
index a43c7b0c36ef..29d2bf41e95d 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/misc/boolreturn.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/misc/boolreturn.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /// Return statements in functions returning bool should use
 /// true/false instead of 1/0.
 //
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci
index f698d6d0f5d7..7b48287b3dc1 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /// Since commit 1c6c69525b40 ("genirq: Reject bogus threaded irq requests")
 /// threaded IRQs without a primary handler need to be requested with
 /// IRQF_ONESHOT, otherwise the request will fail.
diff --git a/scripts/coccinelle/misc/of_table.cocci b/scripts/coccinelle/misc/of_table.cocci
index 2294915a19bc..4693ea744753 100644
--- a/scripts/coccinelle/misc/of_table.cocci
+++ b/scripts/coccinelle/misc/of_table.cocci
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /// Make sure (of/i2c/platform)_device_id tables are NULL terminated
 //
 // Keywords: of_table i2c_table platform_table
diff --git a/scripts/config b/scripts/config
index 026aeb4f32ee..e0e39826dae9 100755
--- a/scripts/config
+++ b/scripts/config
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Manipulate options in a .config file from the command line
 
 myname=${0##*/}
diff --git a/scripts/decode_stacktrace.sh b/scripts/decode_stacktrace.sh
index 5206d99ddeb8..64220e36ce3b 100755
--- a/scripts/decode_stacktrace.sh
+++ b/scripts/decode_stacktrace.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # (c) 2014, Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
 #set -x
 
diff --git a/scripts/decodecode b/scripts/decodecode
index d8824f37acce..438120da1361 100755
--- a/scripts/decodecode
+++ b/scripts/decodecode
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Disassemble the Code: line in Linux oopses
 # usage: decodecode < oops.file
 #
diff --git a/scripts/depmod.sh b/scripts/depmod.sh
index 122599b1c13b..9831cca31240 100755
--- a/scripts/depmod.sh
+++ b/scripts/depmod.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # A depmod wrapper used by the toplevel Makefile
 
diff --git a/scripts/diffconfig b/scripts/diffconfig
index 0db267d0adc9..89abf777f197 100755
--- a/scripts/diffconfig
+++ b/scripts/diffconfig
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # diffconfig - a tool to compare .config files.
 #
diff --git a/scripts/dtc/Makefile b/scripts/dtc/Makefile
index 2a48022c41e7..0dc922bb7aea 100644
--- a/scripts/dtc/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/dtc/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # scripts/dtc makefile
 
 hostprogs-y	:= dtc
diff --git a/scripts/dtc/fdtdump.c b/scripts/dtc/fdtdump.c
index 207a46d64864..7d460a50b513 100644
--- a/scripts/dtc/fdtdump.c
+++ b/scripts/dtc/fdtdump.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 /*
  * fdtdump.c - Contributed by Pantelis Antoniou <pantelis.antoniou AT gmail.com>
  */
diff --git a/scripts/dtc/update-dtc-source.sh b/scripts/dtc/update-dtc-source.sh
index b8ebcc6722d2..62f0d5325fd3 100755
--- a/scripts/dtc/update-dtc-source.sh
+++ b/scripts/dtc/update-dtc-source.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Simple script to update the version of DTC carried by the Linux kernel
 #
 # This script assumes that the dtc and the linux git trees are in the
diff --git a/scripts/extract-module-sig.pl b/scripts/extract-module-sig.pl
index 0f161ea41261..36a2f59c4e41 100755
--- a/scripts/extract-module-sig.pl
+++ b/scripts/extract-module-sig.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # extract-mod-sig <part> <module-file>
 #
diff --git a/scripts/extract-sys-certs.pl b/scripts/extract-sys-certs.pl
index 2aa873b944e0..fa8ab15118cc 100755
--- a/scripts/extract-sys-certs.pl
+++ b/scripts/extract-sys-certs.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 use warnings;
 use strict;
diff --git a/scripts/faddr2line b/scripts/faddr2line
index 2f6ce802397d..1f5ce959f596 100755
--- a/scripts/faddr2line
+++ b/scripts/faddr2line
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Translate stack dump function offsets.
 #
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-goto.sh b/scripts/gcc-goto.sh
index c9469d34ecc6..083c526073ef 100755
--- a/scripts/gcc-goto.sh
+++ b/scripts/gcc-goto.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Test for gcc 'asm goto' support
 # Copyright (C) 2010, Jason Baron <jbaron@redhat.com>
 
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-ld b/scripts/gcc-ld
index cadab9a13ed7..997b818c3962 100755
--- a/scripts/gcc-ld
+++ b/scripts/gcc-ld
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # run gcc with ld options
 # used as a wrapper to execute link time optimizations
 # yes virginia, this is not pretty
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugin.sh b/scripts/gcc-plugin.sh
index b65224bfb847..d3caefe53eab 100755
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugin.sh
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugin.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 srctree=$(dirname "$0")
 
 SHOW_ERROR=
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile b/scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile
index 214eb2335c31..e2ff425f4c7e 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 GCC_PLUGINS_DIR := $(shell $(CC) -print-file-name=plugin)
 
 ifeq ($(PLUGINCC),$(HOSTCC))
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-common.h b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-common.h
index 6948898b3cdf..ffd1dfaa1cc1 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-common.h
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-common.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #ifndef GCC_COMMON_H_INCLUDED
 #define GCC_COMMON_H_INCLUDED
 
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-gimple-pass.h b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-gimple-pass.h
index 526c3c79b68e..f20797e80b6d 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-gimple-pass.h
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-gimple-pass.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * Generator for GIMPLE pass related boilerplate code/data
  *
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-ipa-pass.h b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-ipa-pass.h
index 9bd926e072f0..92bb4f3a87a4 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-ipa-pass.h
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-ipa-pass.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * Generator for IPA pass related boilerplate code/data
  *
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-rtl-pass.h b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-rtl-pass.h
index 1dc67a5aeadf..d69cd80b6c10 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-rtl-pass.h
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-rtl-pass.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * Generator for RTL pass related boilerplate code/data
  *
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-simple_ipa-pass.h b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-simple_ipa-pass.h
index a27e2b36afaa..06800bc477e0 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-simple_ipa-pass.h
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gcc-generate-simple_ipa-pass.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 /*
  * Generator for SIMPLE_IPA pass related boilerplate code/data
  *
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gen-random-seed.sh b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gen-random-seed.sh
index 7514850f4815..68af5cc20a64 100644
--- a/scripts/gcc-plugins/gen-random-seed.sh
+++ b/scripts/gcc-plugins/gen-random-seed.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 if [ ! -f "$1" ]; then
 	SEED=`od -A n -t x8 -N 32 /dev/urandom | tr -d ' \n'`
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-version.sh b/scripts/gcc-version.sh
index 7f2126df91f2..11bb909845e7 100755
--- a/scripts/gcc-version.sh
+++ b/scripts/gcc-version.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # gcc-version [-p] gcc-command
 #
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-x86_32-has-stack-protector.sh b/scripts/gcc-x86_32-has-stack-protector.sh
index 12dbd0b11ea4..6b2aeefb9cd3 100755
--- a/scripts/gcc-x86_32-has-stack-protector.sh
+++ b/scripts/gcc-x86_32-has-stack-protector.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 echo "int foo(void) { char X[200]; return 3; }" | $* -S -x c -c -O0 -fstack-protector - -o - 2> /dev/null | grep -q "%gs"
 if [ "$?" -eq "0" ] ; then
diff --git a/scripts/gcc-x86_64-has-stack-protector.sh b/scripts/gcc-x86_64-has-stack-protector.sh
index 17867e723a51..4a48bdcd4d6b 100755
--- a/scripts/gcc-x86_64-has-stack-protector.sh
+++ b/scripts/gcc-x86_64-has-stack-protector.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 echo "int foo(void) { char X[200]; return 3; }" | $* -S -x c -c -O0 -mcmodel=kernel -fno-PIE -fstack-protector - -o - 2> /dev/null | grep -q "%gs"
 if [ "$?" -eq "0" ] ; then
diff --git a/scripts/gdb/linux/Makefile b/scripts/gdb/linux/Makefile
index ab3cfe727a4e..aba23be985e4 100644
--- a/scripts/gdb/linux/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/gdb/linux/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 always := gdb-scripts
 
 SRCTREE := $(abspath $(srctree))
diff --git a/scripts/genksyms/Makefile b/scripts/genksyms/Makefile
index 3c23bab3367b..34d6ab1811a4 100644
--- a/scripts/genksyms/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/genksyms/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 hostprogs-y	:= genksyms
 always		:= $(hostprogs-y)
diff --git a/scripts/headerdep.pl b/scripts/headerdep.pl
index 86ebb9ee7570..ebfcbef4371c 100755
--- a/scripts/headerdep.pl
+++ b/scripts/headerdep.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #! /usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Detect cycles in the header file dependency graph
 # Vegard Nossum <vegardno@ifi.uio.no>
diff --git a/scripts/headers.sh b/scripts/headers.sh
index d4dc4de5cea1..e0f883eb39a2 100755
--- a/scripts/headers.sh
+++ b/scripts/headers.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Run headers_$1 command for all suitable architectures
 
 # Stop on error
diff --git a/scripts/headers_check.pl b/scripts/headers_check.pl
index 3091e4ee6ee1..b6aec5e4365f 100755
--- a/scripts/headers_check.pl
+++ b/scripts/headers_check.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # headers_check.pl execute a number of trivial consistency checks
 #
diff --git a/scripts/headers_install.sh b/scripts/headers_install.sh
index fdebd66f8fc1..4d1ea96e8794 100755
--- a/scripts/headers_install.sh
+++ b/scripts/headers_install.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 if [ $# -lt 2 ]
 then
diff --git a/scripts/kconfig/Makefile b/scripts/kconfig/Makefile
index 8c12c20c55a6..297c1bf35140 100644
--- a/scripts/kconfig/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/kconfig/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # ===========================================================================
 # Kernel configuration targets
 # These targets are used from top-level makefile
diff --git a/scripts/kconfig/check.sh b/scripts/kconfig/check.sh
index 55b79ba1ba2a..97f0fee7d173 100755
--- a/scripts/kconfig/check.sh
+++ b/scripts/kconfig/check.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Needed for systems without gettext
 $* -x c -o /dev/null - > /dev/null 2>&1 << EOF
 #include <libintl.h>
diff --git a/scripts/kconfig/list.h b/scripts/kconfig/list.h
index 2cf23f002d3f..45cb237ab7ef 100644
--- a/scripts/kconfig/list.h
+++ b/scripts/kconfig/list.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #ifndef LIST_H
 #define LIST_H
 
diff --git a/scripts/kconfig/lkc_proto.h b/scripts/kconfig/lkc_proto.h
index d5398718ec2a..5d86e2dfae59 100644
--- a/scripts/kconfig/lkc_proto.h
+++ b/scripts/kconfig/lkc_proto.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
 /* confdata.c */
diff --git a/scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh b/scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh
index 5075ebf2d3b9..a10bd9d6fafd 100755
--- a/scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh
+++ b/scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/check-lxdialog.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Check ncurses compatibility
 
 # What library to link
diff --git a/scripts/ld-version.sh b/scripts/ld-version.sh
index d135882e2c40..f2be0ff9a738 100755
--- a/scripts/ld-version.sh
+++ b/scripts/ld-version.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/awk -f
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # extract linker version number from stdin and turn into single number
 	{
 	gsub(".*\\)", "");
diff --git a/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh b/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
index e7b7eee31538..e6818b8e7141 100755
--- a/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
+++ b/scripts/link-vmlinux.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # link vmlinux
 #
diff --git a/scripts/makelst b/scripts/makelst
index e6581496d820..e432af073a65 100755
--- a/scripts/makelst
+++ b/scripts/makelst
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # A script to dump mixed source code & assembly
 # with correct relocations from System.map
 # Requires the following lines in makefile:
diff --git a/scripts/mkcompile_h b/scripts/mkcompile_h
index fd8fdb91581d..959199c3147e 100755
--- a/scripts/mkcompile_h
+++ b/scripts/mkcompile_h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 TARGET=$1
 ARCH=$2
diff --git a/scripts/mkmakefile b/scripts/mkmakefile
index 84af27bf0f99..e19d6565f245 100755
--- a/scripts/mkmakefile
+++ b/scripts/mkmakefile
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Generates a small Makefile used in the root of the output
 # directory, to allow make to be started from there.
 # The Makefile also allow for more convinient build of external modules
diff --git a/scripts/mkuboot.sh b/scripts/mkuboot.sh
index 446739c7843a..4b1fe09e9042 100755
--- a/scripts/mkuboot.sh
+++ b/scripts/mkuboot.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 #
 # Build U-Boot image when `mkimage' tool is available.
diff --git a/scripts/mod/Makefile b/scripts/mod/Makefile
index b497d9764dcf..42c5d50f2bcc 100644
--- a/scripts/mod/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/mod/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD := y
 
 hostprogs-y	:= modpost mk_elfconfig
diff --git a/scripts/mod/devicetable-offsets.c b/scripts/mod/devicetable-offsets.c
index e4d90e50f6fe..6d0193a3c591 100644
--- a/scripts/mod/devicetable-offsets.c
+++ b/scripts/mod/devicetable-offsets.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <linux/kbuild.h>
 #include <linux/mod_devicetable.h>
 
diff --git a/scripts/mod/mk_elfconfig.c b/scripts/mod/mk_elfconfig.c
index a4fd71d71d65..680eade89be1 100644
--- a/scripts/mod/mk_elfconfig.c
+++ b/scripts/mod/mk_elfconfig.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
diff --git a/scripts/mod/modpost.h b/scripts/mod/modpost.h
index 6a5e1515123b..8453d6ac2f77 100644
--- a/scripts/mod/modpost.h
+++ b/scripts/mod/modpost.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
diff --git a/scripts/package/buildtar b/scripts/package/buildtar
index 51f947118256..e8cc72a51b32 100755
--- a/scripts/package/buildtar
+++ b/scripts/package/buildtar
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 #
 # buildtar 0.0.4
diff --git a/scripts/parse-maintainers.pl b/scripts/parse-maintainers.pl
index e40b53db7f9f..5dbd2faa2449 100644
--- a/scripts/parse-maintainers.pl
+++ b/scripts/parse-maintainers.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/perl -w
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 use strict;
 
diff --git a/scripts/patch-kernel b/scripts/patch-kernel
index 49b4241e814a..033d5916797d 100755
--- a/scripts/patch-kernel
+++ b/scripts/patch-kernel
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #! /bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Script to apply kernel patches.
 #   usage: patch-kernel [ sourcedir [ patchdir [ stopversion ] [ -acxx ] ] ]
 #     The source directory defaults to /usr/src/linux, and the patch
diff --git a/scripts/profile2linkerlist.pl b/scripts/profile2linkerlist.pl
index f23d7be94394..316e71918ac8 100755
--- a/scripts/profile2linkerlist.pl
+++ b/scripts/profile2linkerlist.pl
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 #
 # Takes a (sorted) output of readprofile and turns it into a list suitable for
diff --git a/scripts/prune-kernel b/scripts/prune-kernel
index ab5034e1d081..e8aa940bc0a9 100755
--- a/scripts/prune-kernel
+++ b/scripts/prune-kernel
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 # because I use CONFIG_LOCALVERSION_AUTO, not the same version again and
 # again, /boot and /lib/modules/ eventually fill up.
diff --git a/scripts/selinux/genheaders/Makefile b/scripts/selinux/genheaders/Makefile
index 6fc2b8789a0b..e8c533140981 100644
--- a/scripts/selinux/genheaders/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/selinux/genheaders/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 hostprogs-y	:= genheaders
 HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += \
 	-I$(srctree)/include/uapi -I$(srctree)/include \
diff --git a/scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders.c b/scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders.c
index 672b069dcfea..fa48fabcb330 100644
--- a/scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders.c
+++ b/scripts/selinux/genheaders/genheaders.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 /* NOTE: we really do want to use the kernel headers here */
 #define __EXPORTED_HEADERS__
diff --git a/scripts/selinux/install_policy.sh b/scripts/selinux/install_policy.sh
index f6a0ce71015f..0b86c47baf7d 100755
--- a/scripts/selinux/install_policy.sh
+++ b/scripts/selinux/install_policy.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 if [ `id -u` -ne 0 ]; then
 	echo "$0: must be root to install the selinux policy"
 	exit 1
diff --git a/scripts/selinux/mdp/Makefile b/scripts/selinux/mdp/Makefile
index d6a83cafe59f..e9c92db7e2a3 100644
--- a/scripts/selinux/mdp/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/selinux/mdp/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 hostprogs-y	:= mdp
 HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += \
 	-I$(srctree)/include/uapi -I$(srctree)/include \
diff --git a/scripts/setlocalversion b/scripts/setlocalversion
index 966dd3924ea9..71f39410691b 100755
--- a/scripts/setlocalversion
+++ b/scripts/setlocalversion
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # This scripts adds local version information from the version
 # control systems git, mercurial (hg) and subversion (svn).
diff --git a/scripts/stackdelta b/scripts/stackdelta
index 20a79f19a111..44d2dfd6216f 100755
--- a/scripts/stackdelta
+++ b/scripts/stackdelta
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env perl
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 # Read two files produced by the stackusage script, and show the
 # delta between them.
diff --git a/scripts/stackusage b/scripts/stackusage
index 8cf26640ef8a..56ef1ab670ac 100755
--- a/scripts/stackusage
+++ b/scripts/stackusage
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 
 outfile=""
 now=`date +%s`
diff --git a/scripts/tracing/ftrace-bisect.sh b/scripts/tracing/ftrace-bisect.sh
index 9ff8ac5fc53c..926701162bc8 100755
--- a/scripts/tracing/ftrace-bisect.sh
+++ b/scripts/tracing/ftrace-bisect.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/bash
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 #
 # Here's how to use this:
 #
diff --git a/scripts/ver_linux b/scripts/ver_linux
index b51de8a7e2a3..545ec7388eb7 100755
--- a/scripts/ver_linux
+++ b/scripts/ver_linux
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/awk -f
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 # Before running this script please ensure that your PATH is
 # typical as you use for compilation/installation. I use
 # /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin /usr/local/bin, but it may
diff --git a/scripts/xen-hypercalls.sh b/scripts/xen-hypercalls.sh
index 676d9226814f..f18b00843df3 100644
--- a/scripts/xen-hypercalls.sh
+++ b/scripts/xen-hypercalls.sh
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #!/bin/sh
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
 out="$1"
 shift
 in="$@"