DI: Reverse direction of subprogram -> function edge.

Previously, subprograms contained a metadata reference to the function they
described. Because most clients need to get or set a subprogram for a given
function rather than the other way around, this created unneeded inefficiency.

For example, many passes needed to call the function llvm::makeSubprogramMap()
to build a mapping from functions to subprograms, and the IR linker needed to
fix up function references in a way that caused quadratic complexity in the IR
linking phase of LTO.

This change reverses the direction of the edge by storing the subprogram as
function-level metadata and removing DISubprogram's function field.

Since this is an IR change, a bitcode upgrade has been provided.

Fixes PR23367. An upgrade script for textual IR for out-of-tree clients is
attached to the PR.

Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D14265

llvm-svn: 252219

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