[clangd] Pass Context implicitly using TLS.

Summary:
Instead of passing Context explicitly around, we now have a thread-local
Context object `Context::current()` which is an implicit argument to
every function.
Most manipulation of this should use the WithContextValue helper, which
augments the current Context to add a single KV pair, and restores the
old context on destruction.

Advantages are:
- less boilerplate in functions that just propagate contexts
- reading most code doesn't require understanding context at all, and
  using context as values in fewer places still
- fewer options to pass the "wrong" context when it changes within a
  scope (e.g. when using Span)
- contexts pass through interfaces we can't modify, such as VFS
- propagating contexts across threads was slightly tricky (e.g.
  copy vs move, no move-init in lambdas), and is now encapsulated in
  the threadpool

Disadvantages are all the usual TLS stuff - hidden magic, and
potential for higher memory usage on threads that don't use the
context. (In practice, it's just one pointer)

Reviewers: ilya-biryukov

Subscribers: klimek, jkorous-apple, ioeric, cfe-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D42517

llvm-svn: 323872

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