libcxx: Add _LIBCPP_NODISCARD_EXT to 38 more functions

This builds on the work done in r342808 and adds _LIBCPP_NODISCARD_EXT
to 37 more functions, namely:

adjacent_find, all_of, any_of, binary_search, clamp, count_if, count,
equal_range, equal, find_end, find_first_not_of, find_first_of, find_if,
find, includes, is_heap_until, is_heap, is_partitioned, is_permutation,
is_sorted_until, is_sorted, lexicographical_compare, lower_bound,
max_element, max, min_element, min, minmax_element, minmax, mismatch,
none_of, remove_if, remove, search_n, search, unique, upper_bound

The motivation here is that we noticed that find_if is nodiscard with
Visual Studio's standard library, and we deemed that useful
(https://crbug.com/948122).
https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/c17-progress-in-vs-2017-15-5-and-15-6/
says "Our criteria for emitting the warning are: discarding the return
value is a guaranteed leak [...], discarding the return value is
near-guaranteed to be incorrect (e.g. remove()/remove_if()/unique()), or
the function is essentially a pure observer (e.g. vector::empty() and
std::is_sorted())." so I went through algorithm and tried to apply these
criteria.

Some of these, like vector::empty() are already nodiscard per C++
standard and didn't need changing.

I didn't (yet?) go over std::string::find* methods which should probably
have _LIBCPP_NODISCARD_EXT too (but not as part of this change).

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D60145

llvm-svn: 357619

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