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Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
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In design of ALSA PCM core, status and control data for runtime of ALSA
PCM substream are shared between kernel/user spaces by page frame
mapping with read-only attribute. Both of hardware-side and
application-side position on PCM buffer are maintained as a part of
the status data. In a view of ALSA PCM application, these two positions
can be updated by executing ioctl(2) with some commands.
There's an event of tracepoint for hardware-side position; 'hwptr'.
On the other hand, no events for application-side position. This commit
adds a new event for this purpose; 'applptr'. When the application-side
position is changed in kernel space, this event is probed with useful
information for developers.
I note that the event is not probed for all of ALSA PCM applications, When
applications are written by read/write programming scenario, the event is
surely probed. The applications execute ioctl(2) with
SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_[READ|WRITE][N/I]_FRAMES to read/write any PCM frame, then
ALSA PCM core updates the application-side position in kernel land.
However, when applications are written by mmap programming scenario, if
maintaining the application side position in kernel space accurately,
applications should voluntarily execute ioctl(2) with
SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR to commit the number of handled PCM frames. If
not voluntarily, the application-side position is not changed, thus the
added event is not probed.
There's a loophole, using architectures to which ALSA PCM core judges
non cache coherent. In this case, the status and control data is not mapped
into processe's VMA for any applications. Userland library, alsa-lib, is
programmed for this case. It executes ioctl(2) with
SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR command every time to requiring the status and
control data.
ARM is such an architecture. Below is an example with serial sound interface
(ssi) on i.mx6 quad core SoC. I use v4.1 kernel released by fsl-community
with patches from VIA Tech. Inc. for VAB820, and my backport patches for
relevant features for this patchset. I use Ubuntu 17.04 from
ports.ubuntu.com as user land for armhf architecture.
$ aplay -v -M -D hw:imx6vab820sgtl5,0 /dev/urandom -f S16_LE -r 48000 --period-size=128 --buffer-size=256
Playing raw data '/dev/urandom' : Signed 16 bit Little Endian, Rate 48000 Hz, Mono
Hardware PCM card 0 'imx6-vab820-sgtl5000' device 0 subdevice 0
Its setup is:
stream : PLAYBACK
access : MMAP_INTERLEAVED
format : S16_LE
subformat : STD
channels : 1
rate : 48000
exact rate : 48000 (48000/1)
msbits : 16
buffer_size : 256
period_size : 128
period_time : 2666
tstamp_mode : NONE
tstamp_type : MONOTONIC
period_step : 1
avail_min : 128
period_event : 0
start_threshold : 256
stop_threshold : 256
silence_threshold: 0
silence_size : 0
boundary : 1073741824
appl_ptr : 0
hw_ptr : 0
mmap_area[0] = 0x76f98000,0,16 (16)
$ trace-cmd record -e snd_pcm:hwptr -e snd_pcm:applptr
$ trace-cmd report
...
60.208495: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1792, curr=1792, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.208633: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1792, curr=1792, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.210022: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: IRQ: pos=128, old=1536, base=1536, period=128, buf=256
60.210202: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1792, curr=1792, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.210344: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: POS: pos=128, old=1664, base=1536, period=128, buf=256
60.210348: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1792, curr=1792, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.210486: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1792, curr=1792, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.210626: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1792, curr=1920, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.211002: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=1920, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.211142: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: POS: pos=128, old=1664, base=1536, period=128, buf=256
60.211146: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=1920, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.211287: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=1920, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.212690: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: IRQ: pos=0, old=1664, base=1536, period=128, buf=256
60.212866: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=1920, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.212999: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: POS: pos=0, old=1792, base=1792, period=128, buf=256
60.213003: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=1920, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.213135: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=1920, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.213276: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=1920, curr=2048, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.213654: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2048, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.213796: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: POS: pos=0, old=1792, base=1792, period=128, buf=256
60.213800: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2048, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.213937: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2048, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
60.215356: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: IRQ: pos=128, old=1792, base=1792, period=128, buf=256
60.215542: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2048, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.215679: hwptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: POS: pos=128, old=1920, base=1792, period=128, buf=256
60.215683: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2048, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.215813: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2048, avail=128, period=128, buf=256
60.215947: applptr: pcmC0D0p/sub0: prev=2048, curr=2176, avail=0, period=128, buf=256
...
We can surely see 'applptr' event is probed even if the application run
for mmap programming scenario ('-M' option and 'hw' plugin). Below is a
result of strace:
02:44:15.886382 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.887203 poll([{fd=4, events=POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLNVAL}], 1, -1) = 1 ([{fd=4, revents=POLLOUT}])
02:44:15.887471 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.887637 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.887805 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.887969 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.888132 read(3, "..."..., 256) = 256
02:44:15.889040 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.889221 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.889431 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.889606 poll([{fd=4, events=POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLNVAL}], 1, -1) = 1 ([{fd=4, revents=POLLOUT}])
02:44:15.889833 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.889998 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.890164 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.891048 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.891228 read(3, "..."..., 256) = 256
02:44:15.891497 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.891661 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.891829 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
02:44:15.891991 poll([{fd=4, events=POLLOUT|POLLERR|POLLNVAL}], 1, -1) = 1 ([{fd=4, revents=POLLOUT}])
02:44:15.893007 ioctl(4, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR, 0x56a32b30) = 0
We can see 7 calls of ioctl(2) with SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_SYNC_PTR per loop with
call of poll(2). 128 PCM frames are transferred per loop of one poll(2),
because the PCM substream is configured with S16_LE format and 1 channel
(2 byte * 1 * 128 = 256 bytes). This equals to the size of period of PCM
buffer. Comparing to the probed data, one of the 7 calls of ioctl(2) is
actually used to commit the number of copied PCM frames to kernel space.
The other calls are just used to check runtime status of PCM substream;
e.g. XRUN.
The tracepoint event is useful to investigate this case. I note that below
modules are related to the above sample.
* snd-soc-dummy.ko
* snd-soc-imx-sgtl5000.ko
* snd-soc-fsl-ssi.ko
* snd-soc-imx-pcm-dma.ko
* snd-soc-sgtl5000.ko
My additional note is lock acquisition. The event is probed under acquiring
PCM stream lock. This means that calculation in the event is free from
any hardware events.
Signed-off-by: Takashi Sakamoto <o-takashi@sakamocchi.jp>
Signed-off-by: Takashi Iwai <tiwai@suse.de>
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