| Commit message (Collapse) | Author | Age | Files | Lines |
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Signed-off-by: Dmitry Monakhov <dmonakhov@openvz.org>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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This patch fix spelling typo in printk and Kconfig within
various part of kernel sources.
Signed-off-by: Masanari Iida <standby24x7@gmail.com>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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Merge conditional unlock/lock in the same condition to avoid sparse
warning:
fs/reiserfs/journal.c:703:36: warning: context imbalance in 'add_to_chunk' - unexpected unlock
Signed-off-by: Fabian Frederick <fabf@skynet.be>
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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If do_journal_release() races with do_journal_end() which requeues
delayed works for transaction flushing, we can leave work items for
flushing outstanding transactions queued while freeing them. That
results in use after free and possible crash in run_timers_softirq().
Fix the problem by not requeueing works if superblock is being shut down
(MS_ACTIVE not set) and using cancel_delayed_work_sync() in
do_journal_release().
CC: stable@vger.kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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The reiserfs code is littered with extra parens in places where the authors
may not have been certain about precedence of & vs ->. This patch cleans them
out.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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This patch moves reiserfs closer to adhering to the style rules by
removing leading whitespace from labels.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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journal_join is always called with a block count of 1. Let's just get
rid of the argument.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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journal_mark_dirty doesn't need a separate sb argument; It's provided
by the transaction handle.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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journal_end doesn't need a separate sb argument; it's provided by the
transaction handle.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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journal_end takes a block count argument but doesn't actually use it
for anything. We can remove it.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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This patch reformats comments in the reiserfs code to fit in 80 columns and
to follow the style rules.
There is no functional change but it helps make my eyes bleed less.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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The reiserfs write lock hasn't been the BKL for some time. There's no
need to have different file systems queued up on the same workqueue.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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There are two locks involved in managing the journal lists. The general
reiserfs_write_lock and the journal->j_flush_mutex.
While flush_journal_list is sleeping to acquire the j_flush_mutex or to
submit a block for write, it will drop the write lock. This allows
another thread to acquire the write lock and ultimately call
flush_used_journal_lists to traverse the list of journal lists and
select one for flushing. It can select the journal_list that has just
had flush_journal_list called on it in the original thread and call it
again with the same journal_list.
The second thread then drops the write lock to acquire j_flush_mutex and
the first thread reacquires it and continues execution and eventually
clears and frees the journal list before dropping j_flush_mutex and
returning.
The second thread acquires j_flush_mutex and ends up operating on a
journal_list that has already been released. If the memory hasn't
been reused, we'll soon after hit a BUG_ON because the transaction id
has already been cleared. If it's been reused, we'll crash in other
fun ways.
Since flush_journal_list will synchronize on j_flush_mutex, we can fix
the race by taking a proper reference in flush_used_journal_lists
and checking to see if it's still valid after the mutex is taken. It's
safe to iterate the list of journal lists and pick a list with
just the write lock as long as a reference is taken on the journal list
before we drop the lock. We already have code to handle whether a
transaction has been flushed already so we can use that to handle the
race and get rid of the trans_id BUG_ON.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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Commit a3172027 introduced test_transaction as a requirement for
flushing old lists -- but it can never return 1 unless the transaction
has already been flushed.
As a result, we have a routine that iterates the j_realblocks list but
doesn't actually do anything. Since it's been this way since 2006 and
the latency numbers were what Chris expected, let's just rip it out.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
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The reiserfs write lock replaced the BKL and uses similar semantics.
Frederic's locking code makes a distinction between when the lock is nested
and when it's being acquired/released, but I don't think that's the right
distinction to make.
The right distinction is between the lock being released at end-of-use and
the lock being released for a schedule. The unlock should return the depth
and the lock should restore it, rather than the other way around as it is now.
This patch implements that and adds a number of places where the lock
should be dropped.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
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same story as with the previous patches - note that return
value of blkdev_close() is lost, since there's nowhere the
caller (__fput()) could return it to.
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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This patch stops reiserfs using the VFS 'write_super()' method along with the
s_dirt flag, because they are on their way out.
The whole "superblock write-out" VFS infrastructure is served by the
'sync_supers()' kernel thread, which wakes up every 5 (by default) seconds and
writes out all dirty superblock using the '->write_super()' call-back. But the
problem with this thread is that it wastes power by waking up the system every
5 seconds, even if there are no diry superblocks, or there are no client
file-systems which would need this (e.g., btrfs does not use
'->write_super()'). So we want to kill it completely and thus, we need to make
file-systems to stop using the '->write_super()' VFS service, and then remove
it together with the kernel thread.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The 'journal_mark_dirty()' function currently first marks the superblock as
dirty by setting 's_dirt' to 1, then does various sanity checks and returns,
then actuall does all the magic with the journal.
This is not an ideal order, though. It makes more sense to first do all the
checks, then do all the internal stuff, and at the end notify the VFS that the
superblock is now dirty.
This patch moves the 's_dirt = 1' assignment from the very beginning of this
function to the very end.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Turn 'reiserfs_flush_old_commits()' into a void function because the callers
do not cares about what it returns anyway.
We are going to remove the 'sb->s_dirt' field completely and this patch is a
small step towards this direction.
Signed-off-by: Artem Bityutskiy <artem.bityutskiy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Remove all #inclusions of asm/system.h preparatory to splitting and killing
it. Performed with the following command:
perl -p -i -e 's!^#\s*include\s*<asm/system[.]h>.*\n!!' `grep -Irl '^#\s*include\s*<asm/system[.]h>' *`
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
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Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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journal_init() doesn't need the lock since no operation on the filesystem
is involved there. journal_read() and get_list_bitmap() have yet to be
reviewed carefully though before removing the lock there. Just keep the
it around these two calls for safety.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Davidlohr Bueso <dave@gnu.org>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Signed-off-by: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com>
Acked-by: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Jiri Kosina <jkosina@suse.cz>
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fs_excl is a poor man's priority inheritance for filesystems to hint to
the block layer that an operation is important. It was never clearly
specified, not widely adopted, and will not prevent starvation in many
cases (like across cgroups).
fs_excl was introduced with the time sliced CFQ IO scheduler, to
indicate when a process held FS exclusive resources and thus needed
a boost.
It doesn't cover all file systems, and it was never fully complete.
Lets kill it.
Signed-off-by: Justin TerAvest <teravest@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
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Fixes generated by 'codespell' and manually reviewed.
Signed-off-by: Lucas De Marchi <lucas.demarchi@profusion.mobi>
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The maximum number of concurrent work items queued on commit_wq is
bound by the number of active journals. Convert to alloc_workqueue()
and use the default concurrency level so that they can be processed in
parallel.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: reiserfs-devel@vger.kernel.org
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* 'for-2.6.38/core' of git://git.kernel.dk/linux-2.6-block: (43 commits)
block: ensure that completion error gets properly traced
blktrace: add missing probe argument to block_bio_complete
block cfq: don't use atomic_t for cfq_group
block cfq: don't use atomic_t for cfq_queue
block: trace event block fix unassigned field
block: add internal hd part table references
block: fix accounting bug on cross partition merges
kref: add kref_test_and_get
bio-integrity: mark kintegrityd_wq highpri and CPU intensive
block: make kblockd_workqueue smarter
Revert "sd: implement sd_check_events()"
block: Clean up exit_io_context() source code.
Fix compile warnings due to missing removal of a 'ret' variable
fs/block: type signature of major_to_index(int) to major_to_index(unsigned)
block: convert !IS_ERR(p) && p to !IS_ERR_NOR_NULL(p)
cfq-iosched: don't check cfqg in choose_service_tree()
fs/splice: Pull buf->ops->confirm() from splice_from_pipe actors
cdrom: export cdrom_check_events()
sd: implement sd_check_events()
sr: implement sr_check_events()
...
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After recent blkdev_get() modifications, open_by_devnum() and
open_bdev_exclusive() are simple wrappers around blkdev_get().
Replace them with blkdev_get_by_dev() and blkdev_get_by_path().
blkdev_get_by_dev() is identical to open_by_devnum().
blkdev_get_by_path() is slightly different in that it doesn't
automatically add %FMODE_EXCL to @mode.
All users are converted. Most conversions are mechanical and don't
introduce any behavior difference. There are several exceptions.
* btrfs now sets FMODE_EXCL in btrfs_device->mode, so there's no
reason to OR it explicitly on blkdev_put().
* gfs2, nilfs2 and the generic mount_bdev() now set FMODE_EXCL in
sb->s_mode.
* With the above changes, sb->s_mode now always should contain
FMODE_EXCL. WARN_ON_ONCE() added to kill_block_super() to detect
errors.
The new blkdev_get_*() functions are with proper docbook comments.
While at it, add function description to blkdev_get() too.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Cc: Philipp Reisner <philipp.reisner@linbit.com>
Cc: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Cc: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@lazybastard.org>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: KONISHI Ryusuke <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Cc: reiserfs-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: xfs-masters@oss.sgi.com
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Over time, block layer has accumulated a set of APIs dealing with bdev
open, close, claim and release.
* blkdev_get/put() are the primary open and close functions.
* bd_claim/release() deal with exclusive open.
* open/close_bdev_exclusive() are combination of open and claim and
the other way around, respectively.
* bd_link/unlink_disk_holder() to create and remove holder/slave
symlinks.
* open_by_devnum() wraps bdget() + blkdev_get().
The interface is a bit confusing and the decoupling of open and claim
makes it impossible to properly guarantee exclusive access as
in-kernel open + claim sequence can disturb the existing exclusive
open even before the block layer knows the current open if for another
exclusive access. Reorganize the interface such that,
* blkdev_get() is extended to include exclusive access management.
@holder argument is added and, if is @FMODE_EXCL specified, it will
gain exclusive access atomically w.r.t. other exclusive accesses.
* blkdev_put() is similarly extended. It now takes @mode argument and
if @FMODE_EXCL is set, it releases an exclusive access. Also, when
the last exclusive claim is released, the holder/slave symlinks are
removed automatically.
* bd_claim/release() and close_bdev_exclusive() are no longer
necessary and either made static or removed.
* bd_link_disk_holder() remains the same but bd_unlink_disk_holder()
is no longer necessary and removed.
* open_bdev_exclusive() becomes a simple wrapper around lookup_bdev()
and blkdev_get(). It also has an unexpected extra bdev_read_only()
test which probably should be moved into blkdev_get().
* open_by_devnum() is modified to take @holder argument and pass it to
blkdev_get().
Most of bdev open/close operations are unified into blkdev_get/put()
and most exclusive accesses are tested atomically at the open time (as
it should). This cleans up code and removes some, both valid and
invalid, but unnecessary all the same, corner cases.
open_bdev_exclusive() and open_by_devnum() can use further cleanup -
rename to blkdev_get_by_path() and blkdev_get_by_devt() and drop
special features. Well, let's leave them for another day.
Most conversions are straight-forward. drbd conversion is a bit more
involved as there was some reordering, but the logic should stay the
same.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Acked-by: Neil Brown <neilb@suse.de>
Acked-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@lab.ntt.co.jp>
Acked-by: Mike Snitzer <snitzer@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Philipp Reisner <philipp.reisner@linbit.com>
Cc: Peter Osterlund <petero2@telia.com>
Cc: Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>
Cc: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andreas Dilger <adilger.kernel@dilger.ca>
Cc: "Theodore Ts'o" <tytso@mit.edu>
Cc: Mark Fasheh <mfasheh@suse.com>
Cc: Joel Becker <joel.becker@oracle.com>
Cc: Alex Elder <aelder@sgi.com>
Cc: Christoph Hellwig <hch@infradead.org>
Cc: dm-devel@redhat.com
Cc: drbd-dev@lists.linbit.com
Cc: Leo Chen <leochen@broadcom.com>
Cc: Scott Branden <sbranden@broadcom.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Steven Whitehouse <swhiteho@redhat.com>
Cc: Dave Kleikamp <shaggy@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
Cc: Joern Engel <joern@logfs.org>
Cc: reiserfs-devel@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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The big kernel lock has been removed from all these files at some point,
leaving only the #include.
Remove this too as a cleanup.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Switch to the WRITE_FLUSH_FUA flag for log writes and remove the EOPNOTSUPP
detection for barriers. Note that reiserfs had a fairly different code
path for barriers before as it wa the only filesystem actually making use
of them. The new code always uses the old non-barrier codepath and just
sets the WRITE_FLUSH_FUA explicitly for the journal commits.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Acked-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Acked-by: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jaxboe@fusionio.com>
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These flags aren't real I/O types, but tell ll_rw_block to always
lock the buffer instead of giving up on a failed trylock.
Instead add a new write_dirty_buffer helper that implements this semantic
and use it from the existing SWRITE* callers. Note that the ll_rw_block
code had a bug where it didn't promote WRITE_SYNC_PLUG properly, which
this patch fixes.
In the ufs code clean up the helper that used to call ll_rw_block
to mirror sync_dirty_buffer, which is the function it implements for
compound buffers.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Hellwig <hch@lst.de>
Signed-off-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
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Signed-off-by: Changli Gao <xiaosuo@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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implicit slab.h inclusion from percpu.h
percpu.h is included by sched.h and module.h and thus ends up being
included when building most .c files. percpu.h includes slab.h which
in turn includes gfp.h making everything defined by the two files
universally available and complicating inclusion dependencies.
percpu.h -> slab.h dependency is about to be removed. Prepare for
this change by updating users of gfp and slab facilities include those
headers directly instead of assuming availability. As this conversion
needs to touch large number of source files, the following script is
used as the basis of conversion.
http://userweb.kernel.org/~tj/misc/slabh-sweep.py
The script does the followings.
* Scan files for gfp and slab usages and update includes such that
only the necessary includes are there. ie. if only gfp is used,
gfp.h, if slab is used, slab.h.
* When the script inserts a new include, it looks at the include
blocks and try to put the new include such that its order conforms
to its surrounding. It's put in the include block which contains
core kernel includes, in the same order that the rest are ordered -
alphabetical, Christmas tree, rev-Xmas-tree or at the end if there
doesn't seem to be any matching order.
* If the script can't find a place to put a new include (mostly
because the file doesn't have fitting include block), it prints out
an error message indicating which .h file needs to be added to the
file.
The conversion was done in the following steps.
1. The initial automatic conversion of all .c files updated slightly
over 4000 files, deleting around 700 includes and adding ~480 gfp.h
and ~3000 slab.h inclusions. The script emitted errors for ~400
files.
2. Each error was manually checked. Some didn't need the inclusion,
some needed manual addition while adding it to implementation .h or
embedding .c file was more appropriate for others. This step added
inclusions to around 150 files.
3. The script was run again and the output was compared to the edits
from #2 to make sure no file was left behind.
4. Several build tests were done and a couple of problems were fixed.
e.g. lib/decompress_*.c used malloc/free() wrappers around slab
APIs requiring slab.h to be added manually.
5. The script was run on all .h files but without automatically
editing them as sprinkling gfp.h and slab.h inclusions around .h
files could easily lead to inclusion dependency hell. Most gfp.h
inclusion directives were ignored as stuff from gfp.h was usually
wildly available and often used in preprocessor macros. Each
slab.h inclusion directive was examined and added manually as
necessary.
6. percpu.h was updated not to include slab.h.
7. Build test were done on the following configurations and failures
were fixed. CONFIG_GCOV_KERNEL was turned off for all tests (as my
distributed build env didn't work with gcov compiles) and a few
more options had to be turned off depending on archs to make things
build (like ipr on powerpc/64 which failed due to missing writeq).
* x86 and x86_64 UP and SMP allmodconfig and a custom test config.
* powerpc and powerpc64 SMP allmodconfig
* sparc and sparc64 SMP allmodconfig
* ia64 SMP allmodconfig
* s390 SMP allmodconfig
* alpha SMP allmodconfig
* um on x86_64 SMP allmodconfig
8. percpu.h modifications were reverted so that it could be applied as
a separate patch and serve as bisection point.
Given the fact that I had only a couple of failures from tests on step
6, I'm fairly confident about the coverage of this conversion patch.
If there is a breakage, it's likely to be something in one of the arch
headers which should be easily discoverable easily on most builds of
the specific arch.
Signed-off-by: Tejun Heo <tj@kernel.org>
Guess-its-ok-by: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Lee Schermerhorn <Lee.Schermerhorn@hp.com>
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The reiserfs journal behaves inconsistently when determining whether to
allow a mount of a read-only device.
This is due to the use of the continue_replay variable to short circuit
the journal scanning. If it's set, it's assumed that there are
transactions to replay, but there may not be. If it's unset, it's assumed
that there aren't any, and that may not be the case either.
I've observed two failure cases:
1) Where a clean file system on a read-only device refuses to mount
2) Where a clean file system on a read-only device passes the
optimization and then tries writing the journal header to update
the latest mount id.
The former is easily observable by using a freshly created file system on
a read-only loopback device.
This patch moves the check into journal_read_transaction, where it can
bail out before it's about to replay a transaction. That way it can go
through and skip transactions where appropriate, yet still refuse to mount
a file system with outstanding transactions.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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Vmalloc is called to allocate journal->j_cnode_free_list but
we hold the reiserfs lock at this time, which raises a
{RECLAIM_FS-ON-W} -> {IN-RECLAIM_FS-W} lock inversion.
Just drop the reiserfs lock at this time, as it's not even
needed but kept for paranoid reasons.
This fixes:
[ INFO: inconsistent lock state ]
2.6.33-rc5 #1
---------------------------------
inconsistent {RECLAIM_FS-ON-W} -> {IN-RECLAIM_FS-W} usage.
kswapd0/313 [HC0[0]:SC0[0]:HE1:SE1] takes:
(&REISERFS_SB(s)->lock){+.+.?.}, at: [<c11118c8>]
reiserfs_write_lock_once+0x28/0x50
{RECLAIM_FS-ON-W} state was registered at:
[<c104ee32>] mark_held_locks+0x62/0x90
[<c104eefa>] lockdep_trace_alloc+0x9a/0xc0
[<c108f7b6>] kmem_cache_alloc+0x26/0xf0
[<c108621c>] __get_vm_area_node+0x6c/0xf0
[<c108690e>] __vmalloc_node+0x7e/0xa0
[<c1086aab>] vmalloc+0x2b/0x30
[<c110e1fb>] journal_init+0x6cb/0xa10
[<c10f90a2>] reiserfs_fill_super+0x342/0xb80
[<c1095665>] get_sb_bdev+0x145/0x180
[<c10f68e1>] get_super_block+0x21/0x30
[<c1094520>] vfs_kern_mount+0x40/0xd0
[<c1094609>] do_kern_mount+0x39/0xd0
[<c10aaa97>] do_mount+0x2c7/0x6d0
[<c10aaf06>] sys_mount+0x66/0xa0
[<c16198a7>] mount_block_root+0xc4/0x245
[<c1619a81>] mount_root+0x59/0x5f
[<c1619b98>] prepare_namespace+0x111/0x14b
[<c1619269>] kernel_init+0xcf/0xdb
[<c100303a>] kernel_thread_helper+0x6/0x1c
irq event stamp: 63236801
hardirqs last enabled at (63236801): [<c134e7fa>]
__mutex_unlock_slowpath+0x9a/0x120
hardirqs last disabled at (63236800): [<c134e799>]
__mutex_unlock_slowpath+0x39/0x120
softirqs last enabled at (63218800): [<c102f451>] __do_softirq+0xc1/0x110
softirqs last disabled at (63218789): [<c102f4ed>] do_softirq+0x4d/0x60
other info that might help us debug this:
2 locks held by kswapd0/313:
#0: (shrinker_rwsem){++++..}, at: [<c1074bb4>] shrink_slab+0x24/0x170
#1: (&type->s_umount_key#19){++++..}, at: [<c10a2edd>]
shrink_dcache_memory+0xfd/0x1a0
stack backtrace:
Pid: 313, comm: kswapd0 Not tainted 2.6.33-rc5 #1
Call Trace:
[<c134db2c>] ? printk+0x18/0x1c
[<c104e7ef>] print_usage_bug+0x15f/0x1a0
[<c104ebcf>] mark_lock+0x39f/0x5a0
[<c104d66b>] ? trace_hardirqs_off+0xb/0x10
[<c1052c50>] ? check_usage_forwards+0x0/0xf0
[<c1050c24>] __lock_acquire+0x214/0xa70
[<c10438c5>] ? sched_clock_cpu+0x95/0x110
[<c10514fa>] lock_acquire+0x7a/0xa0
[<c11118c8>] ? reiserfs_write_lock_once+0x28/0x50
[<c134f03f>] mutex_lock_nested+0x5f/0x2b0
[<c11118c8>] ? reiserfs_write_lock_once+0x28/0x50
[<c11118c8>] ? reiserfs_write_lock_once+0x28/0x50
[<c11118c8>] reiserfs_write_lock_once+0x28/0x50
[<c10f05b0>] reiserfs_delete_inode+0x50/0x140
[<c10a653f>] ? generic_delete_inode+0x5f/0x150
[<c10f0560>] ? reiserfs_delete_inode+0x0/0x140
[<c10a657c>] generic_delete_inode+0x9c/0x150
[<c10a666d>] generic_drop_inode+0x3d/0x60
[<c10a5597>] iput+0x47/0x50
[<c10a2a4f>] dentry_iput+0x6f/0xf0
[<c10a2af4>] d_kill+0x24/0x50
[<c10a2d3d>] __shrink_dcache_sb+0x21d/0x2b0
[<c10a2f0f>] shrink_dcache_memory+0x12f/0x1a0
[<c1074c9e>] shrink_slab+0x10e/0x170
[<c1075177>] kswapd+0x477/0x6a0
[<c1072d10>] ? isolate_pages_global+0x0/0x1b0
[<c103e160>] ? autoremove_wake_function+0x0/0x40
[<c1074d00>] ? kswapd+0x0/0x6a0
[<c103de6c>] kthread+0x6c/0x80
[<c103de00>] ? kthread+0x0/0x80
[<c100303a>] kernel_thread_helper+0x6/0x1c
Reported-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Christian Kujau <lists@nerdbynature.de>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
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Keeping the reiserfs lock while freeing the journal on
umount path triggers a lock inversion between bdev->bd_mutex
and the reiserfs lock.
We don't need the reiserfs lock at this stage. The filesystem
is not usable anymore, and there are no more pending commits,
everything got flushed (even this operation was done in parallel
and didn't required the reiserfs lock from the current process).
This fixes the following lockdep report:
=======================================================
[ INFO: possible circular locking dependency detected ]
2.6.32-atom #172
-------------------------------------------------------
umount/3904 is trying to acquire lock:
(&bdev->bd_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<c10de2c2>] __blkdev_put+0x22/0x160
but task is already holding lock:
(&REISERFS_SB(s)->lock){+.+.+.}, at: [<c1143279>] reiserfs_write_lock+0x29/0x40
which lock already depends on the new lock.
the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
-> #3 (&REISERFS_SB(s)->lock){+.+.+.}:
[<c105ea7f>] __lock_acquire+0x11ff/0x19e0
[<c105f2c8>] lock_acquire+0x68/0x90
[<c140199b>] mutex_lock_nested+0x5b/0x340
[<c1143229>] reiserfs_write_lock_once+0x29/0x50
[<c111c485>] reiserfs_get_block+0x85/0x1620
[<c10e1040>] do_mpage_readpage+0x1f0/0x6d0
[<c10e1640>] mpage_readpages+0xc0/0x100
[<c1119b89>] reiserfs_readpages+0x19/0x20
[<c108f1ec>] __do_page_cache_readahead+0x1bc/0x260
[<c108f2b8>] ra_submit+0x28/0x40
[<c1087e3e>] filemap_fault+0x40e/0x420
[<c109b5fd>] __do_fault+0x3d/0x430
[<c109d47e>] handle_mm_fault+0x12e/0x790
[<c1022a65>] do_page_fault+0x135/0x330
[<c1403663>] error_code+0x6b/0x70
[<c10ef9ca>] load_elf_binary+0x82a/0x1a10
[<c10ba130>] search_binary_handler+0x90/0x1d0
[<c10bb70f>] do_execve+0x1df/0x250
[<c1001746>] sys_execve+0x46/0x70
[<c1002fa5>] syscall_call+0x7/0xb
-> #2 (&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}:
[<c105ea7f>] __lock_acquire+0x11ff/0x19e0
[<c105f2c8>] lock_acquire+0x68/0x90
[<c109b1ab>] might_fault+0x8b/0xb0
[<c11b8f52>] copy_to_user+0x32/0x70
[<c10c3b94>] filldir64+0xa4/0xf0
[<c1109116>] sysfs_readdir+0x116/0x210
[<c10c3e1d>] vfs_readdir+0x8d/0xb0
[<c10c3ea9>] sys_getdents64+0x69/0xb0
[<c1002ec4>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x32
-> #1 (sysfs_mutex){+.+.+.}:
[<c105ea7f>] __lock_acquire+0x11ff/0x19e0
[<c105f2c8>] lock_acquire+0x68/0x90
[<c140199b>] mutex_lock_nested+0x5b/0x340
[<c110951c>] sysfs_addrm_start+0x2c/0xb0
[<c1109aa0>] create_dir+0x40/0x90
[<c1109b1b>] sysfs_create_dir+0x2b/0x50
[<c11b2352>] kobject_add_internal+0xc2/0x1b0
[<c11b2531>] kobject_add_varg+0x31/0x50
[<c11b25ac>] kobject_add+0x2c/0x60
[<c1258294>] device_add+0x94/0x560
[<c11036ea>] add_partition+0x18a/0x2a0
[<c110418a>] rescan_partitions+0x33a/0x450
[<c10de5bf>] __blkdev_get+0x12f/0x2d0
[<c10de76a>] blkdev_get+0xa/0x10
[<c11034b8>] register_disk+0x108/0x130
[<c11a87a9>] add_disk+0xd9/0x130
[<c12998e5>] sd_probe_async+0x105/0x1d0
[<c10528af>] async_thread+0xcf/0x230
[<c104bfd4>] kthread+0x74/0x80
[<c1003aab>] kernel_thread_helper+0x7/0x3c
-> #0 (&bdev->bd_mutex){+.+.+.}:
[<c105f176>] __lock_acquire+0x18f6/0x19e0
[<c105f2c8>] lock_acquire+0x68/0x90
[<c140199b>] mutex_lock_nested+0x5b/0x340
[<c10de2c2>] __blkdev_put+0x22/0x160
[<c10de40a>] blkdev_put+0xa/0x10
[<c113ce22>] free_journal_ram+0xd2/0x130
[<c113ea18>] do_journal_release+0x98/0x190
[<c113eb2a>] journal_release+0xa/0x10
[<c1128eb6>] reiserfs_put_super+0x36/0x130
[<c10b776f>] generic_shutdown_super+0x4f/0xe0
[<c10b7825>] kill_block_super+0x25/0x40
[<c11255df>] reiserfs_kill_sb+0x7f/0x90
[<c10b7f4a>] deactivate_super+0x7a/0x90
[<c10cccd8>] mntput_no_expire+0x98/0xd0
[<c10ccfcc>] sys_umount+0x4c/0x310
[<c10cd2a9>] sys_oldumount+0x19/0x20
[<c1002ec4>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x32
other info that might help us debug this:
2 locks held by umount/3904:
#0: (&type->s_umount_key#30){+++++.}, at: [<c10b7f45>] deactivate_super+0x75/0x90
#1: (&REISERFS_SB(s)->lock){+.+.+.}, at: [<c1143279>] reiserfs_write_lock+0x29/0x40
stack backtrace:
Pid: 3904, comm: umount Not tainted 2.6.32-atom #172
Call Trace:
[<c13ff903>] ? printk+0x18/0x1a
[<c105d33a>] print_circular_bug+0xca/0xd0
[<c105f176>] __lock_acquire+0x18f6/0x19e0
[<c108b66f>] ? free_pcppages_bulk+0x1f/0x250
[<c105f2c8>] lock_acquire+0x68/0x90
[<c10de2c2>] ? __blkdev_put+0x22/0x160
[<c10de2c2>] ? __blkdev_put+0x22/0x160
[<c140199b>] mutex_lock_nested+0x5b/0x340
[<c10de2c2>] ? __blkdev_put+0x22/0x160
[<c105c932>] ? mark_held_locks+0x62/0x80
[<c10afe12>] ? kfree+0x92/0xd0
[<c10de2c2>] __blkdev_put+0x22/0x160
[<c105cc3b>] ? trace_hardirqs_on+0xb/0x10
[<c10de40a>] blkdev_put+0xa/0x10
[<c113ce22>] free_journal_ram+0xd2/0x130
[<c113ea18>] do_journal_release+0x98/0x190
[<c113eb2a>] journal_release+0xa/0x10
[<c1128eb6>] reiserfs_put_super+0x36/0x130
[<c1050596>] ? up_write+0x16/0x30
[<c10b776f>] generic_shutdown_super+0x4f/0xe0
[<c10b7825>] kill_block_super+0x25/0x40
[<c10f41e0>] ? vfs_quota_off+0x0/0x20
[<c11255df>] reiserfs_kill_sb+0x7f/0x90
[<c10b7f4a>] deactivate_super+0x7a/0x90
[<c10cccd8>] mntput_no_expire+0x98/0xd0
[<c10ccfcc>] sys_umount+0x4c/0x310
[<c10cd2a9>] sys_oldumount+0x19/0x20
[<c1002ec4>] sysenter_do_call+0x12/0x32
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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Commit 500f5a0bf5f0624dae34307010e240ec090e4cde
(reiserfs: Fix possible recursive lock) fixed a vmalloc under reiserfs
lock that triggered a lockdep warning because of a
IN-FS-RECLAIM <-> RECLAIM-FS-ON locking dependency inversion.
But this patch has ommitted another vmalloc call in the same path
that allocates the journal. Relax the lock for this one too.
Reported-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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While creating the reiserfs workqueue during the journal
initialization, we are holding the reiserfs lock, but
create_workqueue() also holds the cpu_add_remove_lock, creating
then the following dependency:
- reiserfs lock -> cpu_add_remove_lock
But we also have the following existing dependencies:
- mm->mmap_sem -> reiserfs lock
- cpu_add_remove_lock -> cpu_hotplug.lock -> slub_lock -> sysfs_mutex
The merged dependency chain then becomes:
- mm->mmap_sem -> reiserfs lock -> cpu_add_remove_lock ->
cpu_hotplug.lock -> slub_lock -> sysfs_mutex
But when we fill a dir entry in sysfs_readir(), we are holding the
sysfs_mutex and we also might fault while copying the directory entry
to the user, leading to the following dependency:
- sysfs_mutex -> mm->mmap_sem
The end result is then a lock inversion between sysfs_mutex and
mm->mmap_sem, as reported in the following lockdep warning:
[ INFO: possible circular locking dependency detected ]
2.6.31-07095-g25a3912 #4
-------------------------------------------------------
udevadm/790 is trying to acquire lock:
(&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}, at: [<c1098942>] might_fault+0x72/0xc0
but task is already holding lock:
(sysfs_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<c110813c>] sysfs_readdir+0x7c/0x260
which lock already depends on the new lock.
the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
-> #5 (sysfs_mutex){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #4 (slub_lock){+++++.}:
[...]
-> #3 (cpu_hotplug.lock){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #2 (cpu_add_remove_lock){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #1 (&REISERFS_SB(s)->lock){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #0 (&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}:
[...]
This can be fixed by relaxing the reiserfs lock while creating the
workqueue.
This is fine to relax the lock here, we just keep it around to pass
through reiserfs lock checks and for paranoid reasons.
Reported-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Cc: Laurent Riffard <laurent.riffard@free.fr>
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Alexander Beregalov reported the following warning:
=======================================================
[ INFO: possible circular locking dependency detected ]
2.6.31-03149-gdcc030a #1
-------------------------------------------------------
udevadm/716 is trying to acquire lock:
(&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}, at: [<c107249a>] might_fault+0x4a/0xa0
but task is already holding lock:
(sysfs_mutex){+.+.+.}, at: [<c10cb9aa>] sysfs_readdir+0x5a/0x200
which lock already depends on the new lock.
the existing dependency chain (in reverse order) is:
-> #3 (sysfs_mutex){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #2 (&bdev->bd_mutex){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #1 (&REISERFS_SB(s)->lock){+.+.+.}:
[...]
-> #0 (&mm->mmap_sem){++++++}:
[...]
On reiserfs mount path, we take the reiserfs lock and while
initializing the journal, we open the device, taking the
bdev->bd_mutex. Then rescan_partition() may signal the change
to sysfs.
We have then the following dependency:
reiserfs_lock -> bd_mutex -> sysfs_mutex
Later, while entering reiserfs_readpage() after a pagefault in an
mmaped reiserfs file, we are holding the mm->mmap_sem, and we are going
to take the reiserfs lock too.
We have then the following dependency:
mm->mmap_sem -> reiserfs_lock
which, expanded with the previous dependency gives us:
mm->mmap_sem -> reiserfs_lock -> bd_mutex -> sysfs_mutex
Now while entering the sysfs readdir path, we are holding the
sysfs_mutex. And when we copy a directory entry to the user buffer, we
might fault and then take the mm->mmap_sem lock. Which leads to the
circular locking dependency reported.
We can fix that by relaxing the reiserfs lock during the call to
journal_init_dev(), which is the place where we open the mounted
device.
This is fine to relax the lock here because we are in the begining of
the reiserfs mount path and there is nothing to protect at this time,
the journal is not intialized.
We just keep this lock around for paranoid reasons.
Reported-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Tested-by: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Cc: Laurent Riffard <laurent.riffard@free.fr>
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While searching a pathname, an inode mutex can be acquired
in do_lookup() which calls reiserfs_lookup() which in turn
acquires the write lock.
On the other side reiserfs_fill_super() can acquire the write_lock
and then call reiserfs_lookup_privroot() which can acquire an
inode mutex (the root of the mount point).
So we theoretically risk an AB - BA lock inversion that could lead
to a deadlock.
As for other lock dependencies found since the bkl to mutex
conversion, the fix is to use reiserfs_mutex_lock_safe() which
drops the lock dependency to the write lock.
[ Impact: fix a possible deadlock with reiserfs ]
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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reiserfs_mutex_lock_safe() is a hack to avoid any dependency between
an internal reiserfs mutex and the write lock, it has been proposed
to follow the old bkl logic.
The code does the following:
while (!mutex_trylock(m)) {
reiserfs_write_unlock(s);
schedule();
reiserfs_write_lock(s);
}
It then imitate the implicit behaviour of the lock when it was
a Bkl and hadn't such dependency:
mutex_lock(m) {
if (fastpath)
let's go
else {
wait_for_mutex() {
schedule() {
unlock_kernel()
reacquire_lock_kernel()
}
}
}
}
The problem is that by using such explicit schedule(), we don't
benefit of the adaptive mutex spinning on owner.
The logic in use now is:
reiserfs_write_unlock(s);
mutex_lock(m); // -> possible adaptive spinning
reiserfs_write_lock(s);
[ Impact: restore the use of adaptive spinning mutexes in reiserfs ]
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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flush_commit_list() uses ll_rw_block() to commit the pending log blocks.
ll_rw_block() might sleep, and the bkl was released at this point. Then
we can also relax the write lock at this point.
[ Impact: release the reiserfs write lock when it is not needed ]
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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do_journal_end()
When do_journal_end() copies data to the journal blocks buffers in memory,
it reschedules if needed between each block copied and dirtyfied.
We can also release the write lock at this rescheduling stage,
like did the bkl implicitly.
[ Impact: release the reiserfs write lock when it is not needed ]
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Chris Mason <chris.mason@oracle.com>
Cc: Alexander Beregalov <a.beregalov@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
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Impact: fix a deadlock
The j_flush_mutex is acquired safely in journal.c:
if we can't take it, we free the reiserfs per superblock lock
and wait a bit.
But we have a remaining place in kupdate_transactions() where
j_flush_mutex is still acquired traditionnaly. Thus the following
scenario (warned by lockdep) can happen:
A B
mutex_lock(&write_lock) mutex_lock(&write_lock)
mutex_lock(&j_flush_mutex) mutex_lock(&j_flush_mutex) //block
mutex_unlock(&write_lock)
sleep...
mutex_lock(&write_lock) //deadlock
Fix this by using reiserfs_mutex_lock_safe() in kupdate_transactions().
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Cc: Alessio Igor Bogani <abogani@texware.it>
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
LKML-Reference: <1239660635-12940-1-git-send-email-fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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This patch is an attempt to remove the Bkl based locking scheme from
reiserfs and is intended.
It is a bit inspired from an old attempt by Peter Zijlstra:
http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0704.2/2174.html
The bkl is heavily used in this filesystem to prevent from
concurrent write accesses on the filesystem.
Reiserfs makes a deep use of the specific properties of the Bkl:
- It can be acqquired recursively by a same task
- It is released on the schedule() calls and reacquired when schedule() returns
The two properties above are a roadmap for the reiserfs write locking so it's
very hard to simply replace it with a common mutex.
- We need a recursive-able locking unless we want to restructure several blocks
of the code.
- We need to identify the sites where the bkl was implictly relaxed
(schedule, wait, sync, etc...) so that we can in turn release and
reacquire our new lock explicitly.
Such implicit releases of the lock are often required to let other
resources producer/consumer do their job or we can suffer unexpected
starvations or deadlocks.
So the new lock that replaces the bkl here is a per superblock mutex with a
specific property: it can be acquired recursively by a same task, like the
bkl.
For such purpose, we integrate a lock owner and a lock depth field on the
superblock information structure.
The first axis on this patch is to turn reiserfs_write_(un)lock() function
into a wrapper to manage this mutex. Also some explicit calls to
lock_kernel() have been converted to reiserfs_write_lock() helpers.
The second axis is to find the important blocking sites (schedule...(),
wait_on_buffer(), sync_dirty_buffer(), etc...) and then apply an explicit
release of the write lock on these locations before blocking. Then we can
safely wait for those who can give us resources or those who need some.
Typically this is a fight between the current writer, the reiserfs workqueue
(aka the async commiter) and the pdflush threads.
The third axis is a consequence of the second. The write lock is usually
on top of a lock dependency chain which can include the journal lock, the
flush lock or the commit lock. So it's dangerous to release and trying to
reacquire the write lock while we still hold other locks.
This is fine with the bkl:
T1 T2
lock_kernel()
mutex_lock(A)
unlock_kernel()
// do something
lock_kernel()
mutex_lock(A) -> already locked by T1
schedule() (and then unlock_kernel())
lock_kernel()
mutex_unlock(A)
....
This is not fine with a mutex:
T1 T2
mutex_lock(write)
mutex_lock(A)
mutex_unlock(write)
// do something
mutex_lock(write)
mutex_lock(A) -> already locked by T1
schedule()
mutex_lock(write) -> already locked by T2
deadlock
The solution in this patch is to provide a helper which releases the write
lock and sleep a bit if we can't lock a mutex that depend on it. It's another
simulation of the bkl behaviour.
The last axis is to locate the fs callbacks that are called with the bkl held,
according to Documentation/filesystem/Locking.
Those are:
- reiserfs_remount
- reiserfs_fill_super
- reiserfs_put_super
Reiserfs didn't need to explicitly lock because of the context of these callbacks.
But now we must take care of that with the new locking.
After this patch, reiserfs suffers from a slight performance regression (for now).
On UP, a high volume write with dd reports an average of 27 MB/s instead
of 30 MB/s without the patch applied.
Signed-off-by: Frederic Weisbecker <fweisbec@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
Cc: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
Cc: Bron Gondwana <brong@fastmail.fm>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Alexander Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
LKML-Reference: <1239070789-13354-1-git-send-email-fweisbec@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Ingo Molnar <mingo@elte.hu>
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Commit 1faa16d22877f4839bd433547d770c676d1d964c accidentally broke
the bdi congestion wait queue logic, causing us to wait on congestion
for WRITE (== 1) when we really wanted BLK_RW_ASYNC (== 0) instead.
Signed-off-by: Jens Axboe <jens.axboe@oracle.com>
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This patch is a simple s/p_s_sb/sb/g to the reiserfs code. This is the
first in a series of patches to rip out some of the awful variable
naming in reiserfs.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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This patch strips trailing whitespace from the reiserfs code.
Signed-off-by: Jeff Mahoney <jeffm@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
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